登录  
 加关注
   显示下一条  |  关闭
温馨提示!由于新浪微博认证机制调整,您的新浪微博帐号绑定已过期,请重新绑定!立即重新绑定新浪微博》  |  关闭

Johnsing

人生是一种长期而持续的累积过程

 
 
 

日志

 
 

高考英语词汇辨析(H--N)   

2009-04-06 23:05:23|  分类: 高中英语 |  标签: |举报 |字号 订阅

  下载LOFTER 我的照片书  |

 

H

 

 

1、hair, a hair, hairs

hair指人或动物的“头发,毛发”。hair可指人或动物的全部“头发,毛发”,强调整体。作此解时,它是不可数名词。充当主语,用单数形式。如: What lovely hair the girl has!那女孩的头发真美! My mother's black hair was going gray.我妈妈的黑发正在变白。

a hair是指“一根头发或毛发”,此时的hair是可数名词的单数形式。如: I found a long golden hair on the tablecloth.我在桌布上发现一根金发。 The little boy has got a white hair on his head.这个小男孩的头上有一根白发。

hairs指“多根头发或毛发”,它是可数名词的复数形式,其前可有数词或表示数量的a few, several, many等词修饰。如: The cat has left its hairs all over my clothes.那只猫粘得我衣服上都是猫毛。 My aunt has a few gray hairs.我的婶婶已有几根白发。 

2、hand on, on hand

hand on是一动副型短语动词,一般用作及物动词,表示“传下去;转交”等意思。例如:Everyone in class should read this, so when you have finished, please hand it on.班上每个人都应把这看一下,所以你看完后,请往下传。

That family trait is handed on from father to son.那种家风是父子相传的。

Would you hand on this telegram to your friend?你把这份电报转交给你的朋友好吗?

on hand是一习语,在句中作表语或状语,意为“现有在手头的;准备好了的”和“在近处,

在手边;临近”等,含有即将来临的意味。例如:

I am sorry I have no cash on hand.对不起,我手头没有现金。

Always have your dictionary on hand when you study.学习时要随时把词典放在手边。 Soon school will end and vacation will be on hand.学期即将结束,假期就要来临。 

3、happen, take place

这两者都表示“发生”。

happen为“发生,(偶然)发生”,较多地用来指某个事件的突然发生,强调其偶然性,主语往往是事件,事故等一类的词汇。它也可后接动词不定式,及用于It happens that...结构,表示“碰巧”的意义。如:

The road accident happened under my eyes.我亲眼目睹了这场交通事故。

I never know what's going to happen next.我永远不知道将会发生什么。

My cousin happened not to be at home.我的表兄碰巧不在家。

How does it happen that you know her?你怎么会碰巧认识她的?

take place为“发生,举行”,常指有计划安排的事情的发生与进行,不含偶然的意味。如: When does the popular concert take place? 这场流行音乐会几时开始?

The talk is planned to take place in the Great Hall of the People on December 9. 这次会谈将定于十二月九日在人民大会堂举行。

The conversation with the principal of our school took place several hours ago. 这个由我校校长参加的会议是在几个小时前举行的。 

Great changes have taken place in our country since 1980. 自1980年以来,我们的国家发生了翻天覆地的变化。

在不强调偶然性与计划性的场合,两者有时可以通用。如:What has happened / taken place?发生了什么? The May Fourth Movement happened / took place in 1919.五四运动发生在1919年。 

4、hanged, hung

动词hang的过去式和过去分词分别有两种形式,即hanged, hanged和hung, hung,但由于它们的意义不同,所以易引起混淆。hanged是动词hang作“绞杀,吊死”讲时的过去式或过去分词。例如:The judge sentenced the criminal to be hanged.法官判处罪犯绞刑。She hanged herself.她上吊死了。 

hung是动词hang作 "悬、挂"的意思时的过去时或过去分词。例如:The hall is hung with red flags.大厅里挂着红旗。I hung the picture yesterday.我昨天把画挂了起来。 

5、happen, happen to

happen是不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,其过去分词也不能用作形容词。它常指某事情,事故,故事等“发生”,主语往往为表示事物的名词或代词。此外,happen后亦可接动词不定式和that从句,表示“恰好,碰巧”的意思。后接动词不定式时,主语必须是表示人的名词或代词;其后若接that从句,常用it作形式主语,that从句作真正主语的结构形式,即It happens that... 。

例如:Many changes have happened in our country since liberation.解放以来,我国发生了很多变化。We happened to be only two miles short of the plant.当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。It happened that she was there.恰好她在那儿。

happen to是一习语,意为“临到,发生于”,其中to是介词,后接表示人或事物的名词或代词,主语通常是anything, something, what等。例如:If anything happens to him, let me know.如果他发生意外,就通知我。What happened to the machine?机器出了什么毛病? 

6、harm, hurt, injure, wound

这一组动词均表示“伤害,损害”。

harm表示引起对身体,物质或精神上的严重损害,常指伤害人的肉体,损坏东西以及损害健康,品 质,事业等。如: Hard drinking will harm your stomach.过量饮酒会伤胃。 I don't believe those fairy tales will harm our students. 我认为那些神话故事不会对我们的学生有害处。 There was a fire in the street, but the theatre wasn't harmed at all. 街上起火了,但是那家戏院完好无损。

hurt常指思想感情方面的伤害,含有引起极大苦恼之意。当指肉体上的伤害时,强调疼痛的剧烈程 度。hurt的过去分词只能作表语,不能作定语,而本组内的其他动词则无此限制。如:  It hurts me when you talk like that.你那样同我说话,我很心痛。 My head still hurts.我的头仍然很疼。 She was hurt to think of her not being invited to the party. 一想到没被邀请去参加那个聚会,她就感到受到了伤害。

injure着重指人的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的损害,常与harm通用,但更强调伤势的严重。 

它也可指对人精神的伤害。如: You will injure yourself by smoking too much.过度抽烟对你的身体有害。 The boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球时,他弄伤了自己的肩部。 She was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的骄傲受到了伤害,所以她冲到了漆黑的大街上.

wound专指外力对身体造成的伤害,尤其指战争和灾害中的受伤,一般指外伤,不指内伤。它也可指感情,荣誉方面的创伤。如: The bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子弹击伤了这个战士的头部。 Fifty PLA men were wounded in the sea battle.在这场海战中,五十位人民解放军受了伤。 What you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of Maggie. 你说的话伤透了麦琪的感情。 

7、hard, hardly

这两个词词义相近,不少人常常将hardly误作hard的副词。其实hard本身也可用作副词,并且它们的用法和意义完全不同。

hard既可作形容词,意为“勤奋的;困难的”等;亦可作副词,表示“拼命地,努力地”的意思。例如:This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时,工作努力。

hardly只用作副词,意思是“几乎不,简直不”,它与seldom, scarcely等词一样,本身含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,该句采用倒装语序。例如:I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。What he said was hardly

它也可指对人精神的伤害。如: You will injure yourself by smoking too much.过度抽烟对你的身体有害。 The boy injured his shoulder while playing football.在踢足球时,他弄伤了自己的肩部。 She was so injured in her pride that she rushed out into the dark street. 她的骄傲受到了伤害,所以她冲到了漆黑的大街上.

wound专指外力对身体造成的伤害,尤其指战争和灾害中的受伤,一般指外伤,不指内伤。它也可指感情,荣誉方面的创伤。如: The bullet wounded the soldier in the head.子弹击伤了这个战士的头部。 Fifty PLA men were wounded in the sea battle.在这场海战中,五十位人民解放军受了伤。 What you have said has seriously wounded the feeling of Maggie. 你说的话伤透了麦琪的感情。 

7、hard, hardly

这两个词词义相近,不少人常常将hardly误作hard的副词。其实hard本身也可用作副词,并且它们的用法和意义完全不同。

hard既可作形容词,意为“勤奋的;困难的”等;亦可作副词,表示“拼命地,努力地”的意思。例如:This is a hard work.这是一项艰苦的工作。He worked hard when he was young.他年轻时,工作努力。

hardly只用作副词,意思是“几乎不,简直不”,它与seldom, scarcely等词一样,本身含有否定的意义,故在句中不能另加否定词。此外,hardly 位于句首时,该句采用倒装语序。例如:I hardly know what to say.我简直不知道说什么好。What he said was hardly true.他说的话不会是真的。Hardly can I endure this weather.我简直受不了这天气。

8、have a word with, have words with

have a word with表示“和……谈谈,说几句话”的意思。这种谈话往往是不够充分详尽的,或者说是很随便的。例如:I'll have a word with you this afternoon.今天下午我要和你说几句。I had a chance to have a word with him when we met accidentally at the drugstore.上次我们在药店偶然相遇的时候,我有机会和他交谈了一下。

have words with用于贬义,表示“和……发生口角,与...争吵”的意思,相当于quarrel with 。例如:They had words with their neighbours over some trifles.他们因一些琐事与邻居发生口角。They've had words with each other, I hear.听说,他们发生过口角。 

9、have, there be

have表示某人或某事物“拥有,具有,含有某人,某事物或某性质”,强调占有。如: The poor fellow had neither friends nor money.那个穷家伙既没有朋友也没有钱。 This sentence has two different meanings.这句话有两个不同的意思。 These two short stories have much in common.这两个小故事有很多相似之处。

there be表示某处“有”某人或某事物,强调存在。此结构中的there本身没有“在那里”的意思,需要 表达该意义时,句末须另加there。there be句型为倒装结构,谓语动词要和后面的主语保持人称与数上 的一致。当有几个并列的主语时,一般应以最靠近谓语动词的主语为准。此结构中还可以用助动词及情 态动词。如:  There are exceptions to every rule.每个规则都有例外。

There was an apple tree and four pear trees in their courtyard. 他们的大庭院里有一棵苹果树和四棵梨树。

There used to be a chemical works there.那儿以前有个化工厂。

There can't be more than five or six hotels in this town. 在这个镇上,不可能有超过五六家宾馆。

Let's get through the work quickly. There seems to be little time left. 我们赶快把工作完成,时间好像所剩无几。 

10、have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing

have sth. done主要有两种用法和意义:

1. 表示“使(让,要,叫)某事被做”,强调主语意志,过去分词done所表示的动作由他人完成。2. 以主语为重点,意味着对主语不利的事,常有“遭受”的含意。此时,done所表示的动作执行者不明。在使用中,done由其他实义动作执行者代替。例如:

I have my photograph taken.我(让人)照了个相。

I had my watch repaired yesterday.我昨天(让人)把我的表修了。

He had his arm broken.他的胳膊折断了。

He had his house burnt down in the fire.他的房子在大火中烧光了。

have sb. do 和have sb. doing都用来表示“让(使)某人做某事”的意思,动词do和doing的动作均由sb.执行。这两个词组不同的是前者的do表示一般意义,而后者的doing则强调一直做某个动作。在使用中,do和doing可由其他实义动词代换。例如:I had him take my photograph.我让他给我照相。He had Joe clean his shoes.他要乔给他擦鞋。Try to have her speaking!设法让她继续说话。 

11、have to, must 

have to 和must 都可用来表示义务,有时可通用。前者比较强调客观需要,后者则着重说明主观看法, 表示个人的意志。试比较:

You shall have to work hard if they want you to get it done this week. 如果他们要你这周完成这项工作的话,你就得努力工作。(表示外界条件的客观需要。)

I must go there to help the poor. 我必须去帮助那些穷人们。(表示说话人自己的看法。) 

在某些不需要强调这两种差别的场合,两者可以互相换用。如: I am afraid we have to / must leave now.我们恐怕必须得走了。 

must还能表示一种揣测,作“一定,必定是”解,have to则无此意义。如:This must be the book you want. 这一定是你要的书。 He must have spent a long time writing this report. 他一定花了不少时间写这份报告。 

 

I

 

1、if only, only if

  由这两个词组引导的条件从句虽然都可以用来表示主句所需要的 "条件",但是两者在表示说话人的语义意图方面却有差异。1. only if 引起的条件状语从句,是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”,表示“只有...(才);只有在...的时候,唯一的条件是...”的意思;与if引起的一般条件句相比,它有一种增强主句语势的作用。

  例如:He will succeed only if he does his best.他只有尽力而为才能成功。I'll come only if you really need me.只有当你真正需要我的时候,我才来。Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night.只有患者情况紧急时,你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。

  if only引导的条件句,通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望,相当于as long as。它可以独立使用,用来表示由于客观条件限制,为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情,常用虚拟语气。

  例如:If only I were as clever as you!要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊!If only you had not told Tom what I said, everything would have been all right. 要是你没有把我的话告诉汤姆就好了,那样就不会出什么问题了。It is hard to avoid mistakes; if only they are conscientiously corrected, it will be all right.错误总是难免的,只要认真地改正,也就好了。

2、if, whether

这两个词都是指“是否”,用来表示犹豫不定,引出包含正反两面的疑问。

1).一般情况下两者可以替换使用,但whether显得正式一些。例如:I am not sure if/ whether the sports meet will be held tomorrow. 我不知道明天是否会举行运动会。

2).但在引导表语从句,同位语从句,在不定式之前,介词之后及句首时,只能用whether。如:The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这样做是否值得。We had no idea whether he had gone without Jane.我们不知道他有没有带着简一起走。He doesn't know whether to accept the offer or not.他不知道该不该接受帮助。It depends on whether we have enough time to do it. 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间去做这件事。Whether he comes or not doesn't concern me.他来不来与我无关。

 需注意,当if置于句首时,只能引导状语从句,表示“假如”,不能引导名词性从句。

3).倘若引导的是一个选择疑问句,则以用whether更为妥当。若要用if引导的话,if和or not中间必须有词语隔开,不能连写。如可以说 I wonder whether/ if he has come or not. 不可以说 I don't care if or not your car breaks down, 而须将if改成whether。

  4).有时用if可能会产生歧义,如Tell me if you want the book.可有两种解释:“假如你需要这本书,请告诉我”,或“请告诉我你是否要这本书”。若用whether的话,则只能作第二种解释。

3、in addition, in addition to

  这两个词组都可表示“除了,此外,另,又,还”等意思,用来表示两个事物或动作之间的增补关系。但两者的语法功能和用法不同。

  1)in addition是一介词短语,作副词用,相当于词组as well,其后不能跟名词或其他任何成分,一般位于两个句子中间或位于句末。位于两句中时,常用一逗号与句子隔开。例如:There are many shops around the railway station. In addition, there are some newly-built hotelsthere.火车站附近有很多商店,此外,还有一些新建的旅馆。Aunt Mary gave us sandwiches for our picnic and a bag of cookies in addition. 玛丽舅母为我们去郊游准备了三明治,另外还准备了一袋甜饼。

  2) in addition to是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词等作其宾语,意义大体相当as well as和 besides。如:In addition to English, he has to study a second foreign language. 除了英语以外,他还必须学习第二外语。They have one hour to read newspapers in addition to their ordinary work. 除了日常工作以外,他们有一小时读报的时间。

4、ill, sick

  这两个形容词都有“生病的,身体不适”的意思。

  ill作上述解释时,通常在句中作表语或补语,不作定语,它的后面可接with和from表示原因。若ill 作“坏的,恶劣的,邪恶的”解时,只能作定语。如:He has long been ill with high fever.他一直在发高烧。That ill woman killed her own daughter.那个坏女人杀了自己的女儿。She became ill from anxiety.她由于焦虑而病倒了。

  sick和ill一样,可在句中充当表语或补语,但它还能作定语,保持原意义不变。它作表语或补语时,另有“呕吐,恶心”的意思。sick后可用with表示原因,用for表示“渴望”,用of表示“厌倦,厌恶”等。

  如:She got 500 yuan a month for looking after the sick man. (此处的sick不能用ill代替。)她照顾这个病人每月可赚五百元。My daughter was sick with a cold.我的女儿是因感冒而病的。He began to feel sick as soon as the ship started to move.船一启航,他就开始晕船了。The little girl is obviously sick for home.很明显,这个小女孩想家了。I am sick of his bad manners.他的不良举止真让我厌恶。The old man was sick of life, and wished he were dead.那个老人对生活感到厌倦,真想死了算了。

5、intend, mean, propose

  这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。

  intend:“打算,有...意向,意欲”,指经过考虑后打定主意要做某事或获得某物,常带有坚定的决心。常跟不定式及其复合结构,常用短语:intend for 打算送给/供...使用;intend...as...打算...He explained to her at length what he intend to do in the following week. 他详细地向她解释了下周打算做什么。Having always been musical from an early age, the singer seems to have been intended for theconcert stage.那位歌手有音乐天赋,好像生来就是为了登台演唱的。

  mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心,短语:mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it'll be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other.每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然是天生的一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back.当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。

  propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。Summarizing the year'swork, the managing director in the company proposed a greater project of the next year.公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下年度更大的工程计划。Generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed.一般来说,最终所达到效果总要比计划的好或差。

6、in advance, in advance of

  in advance是介词短语,在句中作副词用,作方式状语,表示“事先,预先,提前”等意。例如:It is desirable that we should read descriptions of particular instruments in advance.我们最好是事先阅读特殊仪器的说明。The iron mine fulfilled the state production plan one month in advance.这个铁矿提前一个月完成了国家生产计划。

  in advance of是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,表示“在...前面,超越”等意。例如:In the parade, the band will march in advance of the football team. 游行中,乐队将走在足球队的前面。Galileo's ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived. 伽利略的想法超越了他所生活的时代。 7、in case, in case of, in the case of

  in case主要有两种用法:1).用作复合从属连词,引导一个条件状语从句和表示否定意义的目的状语从句,表示“万一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副词用,在句中充当状语,常位于句末,通常我们可以说just in case,意为“以防万一,为了提防”。例如:You'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好带上伞,以防万一下起雨来。It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能会下雨,你最好拿把伞,以防下雨。The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 这辆公共汽车一般是准时的,但是要早点动身,以防万一。

  in case of 是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,位于句首时,一般表示条件,意为“假使,万一,如果”。位于句末时,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 万一失火的话,请按警铃。The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 该墙沿河而建,以防水灾。

  in the case of 也是一短语介词,后可接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,意思是“对于,就……来说,至于……”。例如:Poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.贫穷使大多数人垂头丧气,至于我父亲,却不一样。In the case of learning English, we must practise a lot.就学习英语来说,我们必须大量练习。

8、in a word, in word, in words

  in a word 为“总而言之,简而言之”用来表示总结归纳,与in short, in brief意思 

7、in case, in case of, in the case of

  in case主要有两种用法:1).用作复合从属连词,引导一个条件状语从句和表示否定意义的目的状语从句,表示“万一,倘若,如果”和“免得,以防”的意思;2).作副词用,在句中充当状语,常位于句末,通常我们可以说just in case,意为“以防万一,为了提防”。例如:You'd better take your umbrella, in case it rains. 你最好带上伞,以防万一下起雨来。It may rain, you'd better take an umbrella just in case. 可能会下雨,你最好拿把伞,以防下雨。The bus is usually on time, but start early, just in case. 这辆公共汽车一般是准时的,但是要早点动身,以防万一。

  in case of 是一短语介词,后接名词或代词作宾语,位于句首时,一般表示条件,意为“假使,万一,如果”。位于句末时,一般表示目的,表示“以防”的意思。例如:In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 万一失火的话,请按警铃。The wall was built along the river in case of floods. 该墙沿河而建,以防水灾。

  in the case of 也是一短语介词,后可接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,意思是“对于,就……来说,至于……”。例如:Poverty depresses most people; in the case of my father it was otherwise.贫穷使大多数人垂头丧气,至于我父亲,却不一样。In the case of learning English, we must practise a lot.就学习英语来说,我们必须大量练习。

8、in a word, in word, in words

  in a word 为“总而言之,简而言之”用来表示总结归纳,与in short, in brief意思 

in the charge of 表示“被... 管理,在...管理之下”的被动意义,句子的主语一般是物,在使用过程中,也可用in one's charge形式。例如:He will be in charge of that work for the time being. 他将暂时负责那项工作。An experienced worker is in charge of the project. 一位经验丰富的工人负责这项工程。The documents are in the charge of Comrade Lee. 文件由李同志保管。

10、in favour, in favour of

  in favour是一介词短语,在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,意为“受赏识的;受欢迎的”,有被动的含义。例如:That child is clearly in favour ; she had been given an extra biscuit. 那个小孩显然很受宠爱,她多得了一块饼干。The delegation is in favour.代表团受到了欢迎。

  in favour of是一短语介词,其后接名词或代词作其宾语,构成介词短语。在句中作表语或名词后置修饰语,表示“赞成,支持”和“有利于...”等意。作后种意义时,该词组可以呈in someone's favour形式。例如:The majority of people are in favour of the proposed legislation. 大多数人赞成已提出来的立法。Those in favour of the new plans put up your hands please. 那些赞成新计划的人请举手。The evidence seems to be in favour of the defendant. 证据看来对被告有利。The exchange rate is in our favour. 兑换率对我们有利。

11、in one's mind, on one's mind

  in one's mind用于表示“想着,考虑”的场合,所想着的事情不带有沉重和焦虑的含义。on one's mind用于表示“惦记,操心,焦虑”的场合,表示心中想的是重要的,严肃的或是不愉快的事情。例如:I wonder what s in her mind. 我想知道她在想些什么。I turned the question over in my mind. 我反复考虑了这个问题。She has something important on her mind. 她有重要的事情惦记着。There are too many problems on his mind. 他心事重重。

12、in time, on time

  in time有两个意思,既可表示“及时”,后常接for引起的介词短语,表示目的;还可表示“最终”的意思。例如:Preventive measures were taken in time with good results. 及时采取预防措施收到了良好的效果。I was just in time for the steamer. 我正好赶上轮船。The candle-light will in time go out of itself. 烛火终会熄灭的。You will learn how to do it in time. 你最终会学会怎样干这件事的。

  on time表示“准时,按时”的意思,in time也有这一种意思,但不常见。此外,在美国英语中,它还表示“以分期付款方式”之意。例如:All the guests were on time at the meeting. 所有来宾都准时出席了会议。In spite of our late start, we managed to arrive on time. 尽管我们动身晚,我们还是设法准时到了。The more expensive items are usually bought on time. 比较昂贵的商品常以分期付款的形式购买。 

 

J

 

1、job, labour, work

  这一组名词都表示“工作”。

  job指具体的“工作,职业”,特别是指有报酬的工作。它是可数名词。如:He has a good job in a bank.他在银行有一份很好的工作。They were paid according to the number of jobs they completed.他们是按劳计酬的。

  labour指艰苦的劳动,尤指繁重的体力劳动。当用来指脑力劳动时,强调绞尽脑汁的艰辛。它可作可数名词及不可数名词。如:physical labour(体力劳动), mental labour(脑力劳动),hard labour(苦役),the fruit of one's labours (劳动果实)。

  work是含义极广的常用词,它可指任何一种工作,包括体力和脑力劳动。作“工作”解的work是不可数名词,没有复数形式。当作可数名词时,work指“(文学艺术)作品,著作”等;works则指“工厂”,单复数为同一种形式。

  如:That is not easy work.那不是一件容易的工作。What a great work of art!多好的一件艺术作品呀。His complete works have been reprinted.他的著作全集已经被发表了。It takes a lot of work to build an iron works.要建造一家制铁厂需要花许多工夫。

2、join, join in, take part in

  这一组词都有“参加”的意思。

  join多指加入组织,团体,党派等,有作为其中的一个成员的含义。join后也可接人,表示和某人一起参加某活动。如:It's two years since he joined the club.他参加这个俱乐部已两年了。He joined the army in 1945 and joined the Communist Party next year. 他于一九四五年参军,并在第二年入党。Will you join us?跟我们一起来,好吗?

  join in指参加某项游戏,活动,讨论等,in为介词或副词。此短语常用于join sb. in...结构,in后可接名词或动名词,介词in短语有时可以省去。如:Do join us (in the game).跟我们一起做游戏吧。They joined me in congratulating you.他们与我一道向你表示祝贺。Let's join in and give them a warm welcome.让我们也一起给他们以热烈的欢迎。The whole crowd joined in singing the popular song.整个人群都唱起了这首流行歌曲。

  take part in多指参加和参与群众性的活动、运动、会议及战争等,含有以主人翁的态度加入其中并发挥一定作用的意思。如:The Union took an active part in the strike.工会在这次罢工中发挥了积极的作用。They took a leading part in the efforts to strengthen the national defense. 他们在加强国防力量方面出了很大力。He took part in the students' movement in the early forties. 在四十年代初,他参加了学生运动。The Swiss didn't take part in the two World Wars. 瑞典没有参加两次世界大战。

3、journey, tour, trip, travel

  这一组词都表示“旅行”。

  journey一般指在陆地上进行的长途旅行,常表示所花的时间及所走的路程都相当长,而且有最终不一定要回到原出发地的含义,常蕴涵辛苦的意味。有时它也被用来指海上与空中的旅行。如:He decided to make the journey to Dunhuang, and it was rather 

difficult. 他决定去敦煌旅游,但旅途会很艰难。Life is a long journey from birth to death. 从出生到死亡,人生是一个漫长的旅程。

  tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,距离可长可短,常用来指观光与商业旅行等。如:She made a tour of Korea.她去韩国旅行了一次。He has gone on a walking tour.他去参加了步行旅游。

  trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如因公出差及游览度假等,它可指海陆空的旅行,并往往暗示会回到原出发地。在比较通俗的用法中,常可代替journey表示长途旅行。如:I am going to make a trip to Hangzhou.我准备去杭州旅游。He took several trips to Shanghai in 1997.在一九九七年,他去了几次上海。

  travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤指到国外的旅行,它无定向的目的地,有到各地游历的意味。它表示具体的旅行时常用复数形式。作不可数名词时,常被用来泛指旅行这一行为。如:Did you go to Santiago during your travels?这次旅行你去了圣地亚哥了没有?Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.在茂密的森林中穿梭是很危险的。

 

K

1、keep doing, keep on doing

  这两个词组均用来表示“不断做”的意思,但在涵义上有所不同。

  keep doing和keep on doing都可表示“不断(老是)做某事”的意思,强调动作连续不断,每隔一会儿发生,这时两者可以换用。不同的是keep doing中的doing是动名词,作宾语。例如:John always kept (on) asking questions.约翰总是问个不停。News of successes keeps (on) pouring in.捷报频传。

  keep doing还可表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态。keep on doing则没有这种用法。例如:We kept working in the fields in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。Why do the dogs keep barking?这些狗为什么不停地叫?

2、keep sb. from doing sth., keep sth. from sb.

keep sb. from doing sth.相当于prevent (or: stop) sb. from doing sth., 意为"阻止某人做某事"。

  keep sth. from sb.则表示“将某事瞒着某人”的意思。例如:What kept you from joining me? 什么事情使你不能和我在一起?We must keep them from getting to know our plans.我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划。It seems that she keeps something from us.她好像有什么事瞒着我们似的。Why did you keep the truth from me? 你为什么向我隐瞒真相?

3、kind, sort, type

这一组词都表示“种类”,常可互换使用。

kind系普通用语,其含义较模糊,它所指的种类可用任何标准区分,但着重以事物的自然属性和内在性质为标准来区分。kind常和type换用,但在表示动植物的种类,族及牌类游戏时,不能用type代替。如:There are different kinds of animals in Shanghai Wild Animal Park. 在上海野生动物园有许多不同的动物。Computers can actually do many kinds of work. 事实上,电脑能做许多不同的工作。

  sort也为普通用语,比kind更口语化,其概念同kind一样很不严密,两者常可互换,但sort常掺杂说话人的主观色彩,带有轻蔑与贬低的含义。如:We talked of all sorts of subjects.我们谈了各种话题。These sorts of people are ready to eat anywhere.这种人总是走到哪里吃到哪里。 

4、know, recognize

  know为“认识,熟悉,知道”,表示认识或熟悉某人,某事,某地。它可作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语,另可接含形容词及不定式的复合结构。如:Who knows, perhaps he doesn't care about me at all.谁知道呢,也许他根本不在乎我。Have you known Oliver long? I knew him as long ago as the year 1984. 你很久以前就认识奥利福了吗?我在一九八四年的时候就认识他了。I didn't know you were coming today.我不知道你会来。I've never known you so cheerful.我从来不知道你这么开朗。I know her to be a fool.我知道她是个傻瓜。

  recognize为“认出,认清,承认”,表示能认出原来认识或曾经见过的人,物及地方,以及承认某事物的客观存在。它只作及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语。如:Youhave grown so tall that I scarcely recognize you.你长成这么高,我几乎认不出你来了。Did you recognize your uncle at once? 你是不是一下子就认出你的叔叔来了?Presently I recognized that we were in the Atlantic Avenue. 现在我知道我们在亚特兰大大街。

5、keep up, keep up with

  keep up既可是动副型短语动词,也可是动介型短语动词,主要表示“(斗志,价格等)不低落”,“维持,继续”等意。可以用于被动语态。例如:Their spirit kept up well in spite of hardships.虽有困难,但他们并不气馁。Prices still keep up.物价仍旧上涨。I hope the weather will keep up.我希望天气继续晴朗。They entered into a correspondence which was kept up for almost 10 years. 他们开始通信了,并且把这种通信联系保持了十年之久。

  keep up with是一个动副介型短语动词,后须接名词做其宾语,表示“跟上,与...同步前进”的意思,即有强调并行不悖,不掉队的意味。只用于主动语态。例如:He walked so fast that I could hardly kept up with him.他走得那么快,我简直跟不上了。We must keep up with the times. 我们应该跟上时代。

6、knock down, knock out

  这两个短语动词是动副型,knock既可作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。两个短语动词均在句中作谓语,只是意义不同。1. knock down主要表示下列几种意义:1.击倒,打倒 2.拍卖给 3.拆卸,拆散 4.(强迫)减价。例如:He was knocked down by a lorry.他被一辆卡车撞倒了。He knocked his opponent down.他将他的对手击倒。These old houses are to be knocked down.这些旧房子将被拆除。The painting was knocked down to Smith for 5 dollars.那幅画以5美元的价钱卖给史密斯先生了。The machines will be knocked down before being shipped to the Persian Gulf. 这些机器在运往波斯湾之前将被拆卸。He asked '500 for his car, but I managed to knock him down 10 percent.他的汽车要500美元,但我设法使他减价百分之十。

  knock out则主要表示下列几种意义:1.敲掉,敲空;2.在拳击中“击倒”对方,使其在规定时间内不能起立 3.比喻用法:“使……震惊,惊奇”。例如:He knocked the nail out.他把钉子敲了出来。He knocked his pipe out before refilling it.再装烟丝之前,他磕出了烟斗里的烟灰。Joe knocked his opponent out in the first round of the contest. 乔在比赛的第一回合中就把对方击倒了。 For a moment he was completely knocked out by the news of his friend's death. 他被他朋友逝世的消息一下子惊得完全呆住。

7、know, know of

  know作及物动词,表示“知道,懂得”的意思时,其后一般接表示事物的名词,从句,不定式复合结构。但它表示“认识,了解,熟悉”的意思时,其后多接表示人的名词或代词,也可接事物名词。例如:Do you know their names? 你知道他们的名字吗?Do you know what his name is? 你知道他叫什么名字吗?I never knew him to act without thinking.我从未发现他轻率行事过。I got to know him in the autumn of 1963. 我是在 

1963年秋天认识他的。

  know of亦可解作know about,其后可接表示人或事物的名词,表示“知道(有),听说”的意思,指间接地获得的信息或情况,相当于hear of。例如:How did you come to know of this? 你怎么知道有这事的?I don't know him but I know of him. 我不认识他,但听说过他。

8、known to, known for, known as

  这三个形容词短语在使用中均与联系动词be连用,只是在意义上有所不同。

known to表示“为...所熟知”或“闻名于”等意,值得注意的是,在由及物动词know的主动句变被动句时,就要用这种结构。例如:The use of gunpowder was known to the Chinese before the Europeans.中国人懂得应用火药是在欧洲人之前。Luxun is known to the world. 鲁迅举世闻名。

known for和known as的意义和用法与famous for和famous as相同。如:Hangzhou is known for the West Lake.杭州以西湖而闻名。He is known as a painter. 他以作为一名画家而出名。 

 

L

 

1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone

  这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。

  lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。In that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。

  lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。A lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。He spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。

  lonesome : "无伴的,独居的",通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。The house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤,但当其子女出去独立生活后,显得孤寂。You must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because I'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。

2、location, position, situation, spot

这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。

location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。The location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。The location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so Julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。

  position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。Can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?Before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。

  situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。Despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。The situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。

spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。She was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。The police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。

3、later, latter

  later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:Two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。He reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后

  latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期Of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。He has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。

4、lay, lie

这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。

  lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:Please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。The road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。These hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。We should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。

  lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:Don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。Korea lies to the east of China.朝鲜位于中国东面。You are lying.你在撒谎。He lied to me.他对我撒谎。

5、leave out, leave off

  这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。

  leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:We must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。Please complete this check properly. The date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。We left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。

  leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:Leave off talking!别讲话了!They leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班,It is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。

6、living, alive, live, lively

  这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。

  living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:A living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。No man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。Shelly was still living when Keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。He's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。We have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。

  alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:Is she still alive?她还活着吗?They are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。An enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。The lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。

  live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:This is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。Don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。A live wire isdangerous.通上电的电线很危险。It was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。

  lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:She is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。The patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。He has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。What lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。He gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。

7、learn, study

  learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from LeiFeng。

  study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:If you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。He learned traditional Chinese medicine from a famous Chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。She studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。He is studying the problem of X-rays.他正在研究X射线的问题。

  在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:How long have you learned/ studied Japanese?你学习日语有多久了?We must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习。

8、long for, for long

  long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:The children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。We long for a chance to visit Yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。

  for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:He will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。Will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗? 

9、lecture, speech

  lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:They received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)He gave a lecture on the war in English. (指作演讲)Father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)   speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:I was quite unprepared to make a speech.By your speech I can tell you're from London.He gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.

10、live on, live by

  live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:Jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。My uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。Most of the Asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。Sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。The scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。

  live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:They live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。Smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。We live by the East Lake.我们住在东湖旁边。

 

M

1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up

  make...from为“用...原料制成”,介词的宾语是原材料,用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如:They make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。This cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。

  make...of为“用...材料制成”,介词的宾语是某种材料,用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如:Nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。This big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。英语词汇网

  make...into为“把...做成”,动词的宾语是某种原料和材料,介词into的宾语是制成品。例如:They make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。Can you make this material into a skirt?你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗?

   比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别:Flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。Wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。Bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。Glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。

  make up为“构成,组成”,主语为构成一个整体的各个个体,宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时,需加介词of,构成be made up of短语。例如:Ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。A car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。Life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘,又有苦。 2、main, chief, major

  这三个词都有“重要的”之意。

  main:“主要的”,只用于物,强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性,大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支,或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。This article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。His main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。

  major:“重大的,主要的”,指在规模,数量,重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。John has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。It was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚,他才开始处理重大问题。

  chief: "主要的,首要的",强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 "地位最高",用于物,意为 "最重要的"。The chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. He is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个,他的级别是最高的,薪水也可能是最高的。The chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。 3、material, matter, substance

  这三个词组都可作“物质,材料”讲。

  material:“物质,物资,材料”,一般指具物理成份,构成某具体物体的物质,尤指人造物品的制作材料;有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如:raw material原材料,指能够进一步加工的物质,也指可以被进一步利用的事件,观念等,例如用作文学素材。With the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展,工业所消耗的原材料增长惊人。They discovered that they could weave the wool into the material, which can be made into warm coats and suits.他们发现可以把羊毛纺成衣料,再把衣料制成暖和的外套和西装。

  matter:“物质,内容”,基本上指某种实体或构成所有客观事物的“物质”,与精神相对;也指与形式相对的“内容”。常用短语:a matter of course 理所当然的事, matter-of-fact 讲求实际的。The matter in your composition is quite good, but the writing is not lucid enough.你的作文内容很好,但文字不够清楚。We know nothing about force or energy, nor of any physical phenomenon, except through the agency of matter. 要是不通过物质这个媒介,我们对力或能会一无所知,更不会了解任何物理现象。

  substance:“物质,东西",常指具有某种物理或化学性质的特殊物质,或指构成某物,并赋予某种特性的物质;还可指 “重要的”或“实际性的”内 

容。常用短语:a question of substance 实质性问题;have substance 有道理,有根据,有内容。The function of the root of a plant is to fix the plant in its place and to take in water and food substance present in the earth.植物根的功能是将植物固定在所处的位置,并从土壤中吸收水及营养物质。A good chemical laboratory is equipped with precision instruments and supplies of many chemical substances. 一个好的化学实验室应配有精密仪器,并有充足的各种化学物质供应。 

4、maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably

  这四个词都可表示“可能性”。

  maybe:“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如:You could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。He didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好;也许是有点中暑。The doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。

  possibly:“可能地,或者,也许",可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 "无论如何"之意。She expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。I couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。 

perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。I thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。Perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。

  probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。He is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。There is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。 

5、mean, intend, propose

  这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。

  propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。I thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。Perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。

  probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。He is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。There is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。 

5、mean, intend, propose

  这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让...做...Everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because John and Julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。He shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. And he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。

  propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称so:“非常,十分,极,很,如此地”,表示程度较高,常用于口语中,有时以very替换,但在so组成的结构中则不能用very。常用短语:so that 如此...以至于;so beautiful a child/ such a beautiful child 如此漂亮的孩子。So absorbed was he in his work that his wife would not dare to make a sound. 他全神贯注地工作,以致他妻子不敢作声。All this was so sudden and unexpected that nobody quite realized what had happened. 这一切来得那样突然,以至没有人晓得究竟发生了什么事情。

  very:“很,十分,非常”,语气比quite强,可用于正式场合,通常修饰副词,形容词和纯粹用作形容词的过去分词,以及形容词的最高级以加强语气,不能直接修饰动词。They did their very best to increase quantity and variety of their products. 他们尽了最大的努力来增加产品数量和品种。Whatever you may have heard about me from poets, I am really not a very romantic character. 不管你从诗人那里听到关于我的什么情况,我实际上不是十足的浪漫派。

7、mark, sign, signal, symbol

  这组词都有“标记,标志”之意。

  mark:“标志,标记",含义广泛,指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物,比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志,有时不一定十分直观或明显。One mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can get a different inspiration from his works. 一个伟大作家的标志之一是不同的人都能从他那里得到不同的灵感。The lighthouse on the top ofthe hill serves as a mark for fliers. 山顶上的灯塔成了飞行员(识别地形)的标志。

  sign:“记号,标记”,用法最广,可指符号(装置),也可指情绪,性格的直观显示,还指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指标牌,卡片等。借喻时讲作“征兆,迹象”。如:Sir, you are not to walk your pet on the lawn. Don't you see the sign: "keep off the grass"?先生,你不可以在草坪上溜狗,你没瞧见牌子上写着“请勿践踏草坪”吗?In the British Army, crown, stars and stripes are signs of military rank. 在英国军队里,王冠,星星和条形徽是军阶的标志。

  signal:“信号”,常指约定俗成,用于传达某些信息的信号,也指灯光,声音或信号标志。A red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five-year-old child. 红灯是危险的信号,这一点就连五岁的孩子都知道。The sportsmen are all ready, waiting for the signal to start running. 运动员们都作好了准备,等待着起跑的信号。

  symbol:“象征,符号”,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。Symbol is a sign, figure or physical object, the meaning of which is established by convention. 常用的表义符号是由按常规规定其意义的符号,图案或实物图像构成的。In the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. 在这幅画中,树是生命的象征,蛇是邪恶的象征。 

8、made up of, made of, made from这三个词组都同be动词连用。

  made up of 含有“由...(成分)组成”的意思,即表示某物或组织由一个个成分或成员组成,of后通常接可数名词。例如:The committee is made up of seven members. 委员会由七名委员组成。The Third World is made up of the developing countries. 第三世界是由发展中国家组成。

  made of和made from都有“由...(原材料)制成”的含义。但前者表示某一物品由某种原材料制成后,原料已看不出来。例如:Concrete is made of cement, sand, stone and water. 混凝土是由水泥,砂子,石头和水混合而成。Nylon is made from air, coal and water. 尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成。 

9、make the best of, get the best of

  make the best of是指“充分利用时间,机会,场合,资源”等意思,其后接此类名词或短语。例如:You should make the best of this valuable opportunity. 你应该尽量利用这个宝贵的机会。We must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have. 我们一定要尽可能地充分利用我们所拥有的少量自然资源。

  get the best of 亦可解作get the better of,其中的动词get亦可用have替代。它主要指主体与宾语在进行争斗或交锋中,“胜过,占优势,占上风”的含义。个别场合下,它还有“从...中得到最大的好处”的含义。例如:They were pretty evenly matched, but Martin got the best of him by a clever trick. 他们势均力敌,但马丁以智取胜。Our team got the best ofthe visitors in the last quarter. 我队在最后四分之一比赛中战胜了客队。With his indomitable spirit he got the best of his disease. 他以坚强不屈的意志战胜了疾病。 

10、man, mankind

  这对词都表示“人类”的意思,但用法有所区别。

  man一般以单数形式出现(现在也有人以复数men表示“人类”),其前不能置任何限定词,其相应的代词应是he, him, his, himself。例如:The changes between the states have been used by man to work for him since ancient times. 自古以来,人类就利用这两种状态的变化为自己服务。Engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself. 恩格斯一百多年以前就指出,劳动创造了人类本身。

  mankind前也不可加任何限定词,但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词,可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时,谓语要用单数,其相应的代词一般为it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作复数概念时,谓语要用复数,其相应的代词是they, them, their, themselves。例如:Mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人类比一千年前是聪明多了。All progressive mankind love peace. 所有进步人类都热爱和平。That is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 对于个人来说那是小小的一步,但对于整个人类来说却是一次巨大的飞越。

  请注意:human being也可表示“人类”,它是可数名词,有单复数之分。其意义比较具体,它一般用来区别人以外的事物,特别是动物或者是“神”,“鬼”之类。例如:Without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热,就不可能有植物,动物,也不可能有人类。Although the Negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类,但是他们并没有被当作人对待。 

11、manage, try

  manage为“设法做到”,指花费精力设法使某事终于做成功,相当于succeed in doing sth.。try为“试图,努力,尝试”,指花费精力去做某事,含有成功可能性虽然大,但仍有可能不成功意思。比较下列句子:He managed to finish his work in time. 他设法及时完成了他的工作。He tried to finish his work in time. 他试图去及时完成他的工作。

  manage后常接名词或不定式作宾语。如:Without her I couldn't have managed all these things. 如果没有她,我不可能做成所有这些事。I don't see how I could possibly manage to do it. 我觉得我不太可能把这事做成。

  try后常接名词不定式或动词不定式作宾语,它后接不定式时表示“努力做某事”,后接动名词时表示“试着做某事”。如:He tried to say something but he was too weak to say a word. 他努力地想说些什么,但是他太虚弱了,一个字也说不出。We shall try using another method. 我们应试着用另一种方法。 

12、many more, much more这两者可指“更多”。

  many more后接一个名词一定是个复数可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个复数名词,表示复数概念。如:Some students are against the plan, but many more support it. 一些同学反对这项计划,但是有更多人支持它。We have many more left. 我们还剩下很多。

  much more后接一个名词,这个名词一定是个不可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个不可数名词。如:The farmers have produced much more rice. 这些农夫收了更多的稻谷。She has much more to do. 她还有很多事要去做。

  many more不可能修饰形容词和副词,而much more和far more, even more, still more 等一样,可以修饰形容词和副词,表示“更加”。如:This TV set is much more expensive. 这台电视机要贵得多。He worked much more carefully on the new design. 在这项新的设计上,他工作努力得多了。 

13、many, the many, many a, a good many

  many单独使用,用作形容词和代词,分别在句中作主语(谓语动词用复数),宾语,定语(后接复数可数名词),但不能用作表语。例如:Many of us have joined the Party. 我们中许多人已入了党。The policy of the cities growing their own vegetables has many advantages. 城市种菜,自给自足的政策有许多优点。I have a few, but not many. 我有一些,但不多。

  the many起名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语。作主语时,谓语动词要用 

复数,其意为“多数人或物”。例如:In the capitalist society the many are oppressed by the few. 在资本主义社会里,多数人受少数人压迫。Sometimes the few can defeat the many. 有时侯少数能胜多数。

  many a用作定语,虽然它作“许多,很多”解,但其后所修饰的名词和与之有关的动词必须用单数形式。例如:Many a man comes or goes. 一个又一个的人来了又走了。I have received many a letter in the past few days. 最近几天我接到许多来信。

  a good many亦可解作a great many,它们均为many 的强化语,它与many的用法相同,即可用作形容词和代词,所修饰的名词和谓语动词均分别用复数形式。例如:A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last month. 上个月外文出版社出版了许多新书。We have a great many things to do at present. 我们目前有许许多多事要做。 

14、more than, more...than

  more than连用,通常起副词的作用。若后接数词(=over),常译成“...以上,超过”;后接形容词,副词或动词,相当于very或much,常译为“难以”;后接名词,常译成“不止是,不仅仅”等。例如:He is more than twenty years old. 他20多岁了。She was dressed more than simply. 她穿得岂止朴素,简直近似于破烂。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 那个地方的美令我难以形容。

  more...than中的more后也可接形容词,副词,动词或名词。修饰名词时,more作形容词解;修饰其他的词时,作副词解。than 是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句,整个结构一般译为“比...更;与其说...倒不如说“等。例如:More people like to drink boiled water than tea. 喜欢喝开水的人比喜欢喝茶的人多。It is more blue than green. 与其说是绿的,不如说是蓝的。It is more common for Peter to talk too slowly than too quickly. 彼得说起话来往往不是太快,而是太慢。 

15、meet, meet with

  meet 和meet with都可表示“预见,会见”,两者通常可换用。Yesterday afternoon I met (with) Shirley at the cinema. 昨天我在电影院碰见雪莱。The chairman met (with) the King of Holland for half an hour. 主席与荷兰国王的会见持续了半个小时。

  meet还可作"迎接,应付,聚会,满足"等解释,它含有主动意义,即主语有意识地去完成某个动作,如: meet a friend (迎接朋友), meet the debts (偿还债务),meet the danger (对付危险)。例如:I went to the airport to meet my uncle. 我去机场接我的叔叔。The whole school meet to hear the report. 整个学校的人聚在一起听报告。Every effort is made to meet the demands of the people. 所做的努力都是为了满足人民的需求。

  meet with作“碰到,受到,遭受”解,它含有被动意义,强调主语承受meet的动作所带来的后果,如meet with bad weather (碰到坏天气),meet with difficulty(碰到困难),meet with the refusal (遭到拒绝)。例如:He met with a lot of problems in this experiment. 他做这项试验遇到许多问题。The play met with a good reception. 这部电视剧受到了好评。16、much too, too much

  much too 后接原级形容词与副词,意思是“实在太...”,其中的much是副词,用来修饰另一个副词too。如:It is much too cold here. 这儿实在太冷了。You sleep much too late. 你睡得实在太晚了。

  too much后可接不可数名词,意思是“过多的... ”,其中的too是副词,修饰形容词much。 too much后也可不接名词,意思是“过多的东西,过多的事情”,其中的much是代词。如:He has got too much money. 他已得到太多的钱。You are asking too much. 你问得太多了。

  be too much表示“过分,太难,对付不了,过于厉害”。如:She is afraid that the long trip will be too much for me. 她担心我受不了长途旅行的劳累。I tried to beat him, but he was too much for me. 我试图打败他,但我对付不了他。 

17、maybe, may be

  maybe是副词,意为“可能,也许”,可用perhaps代替,不过美国人习惯上用perhaps, 不怎么爱用maybe。例如:Maybe he has reached there. 大概他已经到了那儿。Maybe you are right and maybe you are wrong. 你也许对,也许错。

  may be中的may为情态动词,有过去式might的变化,表示类似maybe的意思,be为助动词或连系动词,有时后面可跟一个名词从句。例如:It may be raining in Beijing. 现在北京可能在下雨。It may be that he never got there. 或许他根本就没有到过那里。 18、most, a most, the most, mostly

  无限定词搭配的most可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time,表示“大多数的,大部分的”的意思;后者常接of引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。例如:Most students like English. 大多数学生喜欢英语。I was in Shanghai most of the time. 我大部分时间在上海。The present world situation is most favourable for the people. 当前世界形势对人民非常有利。

  a most中的most等同于very(很,非常),修饰形容词,再跟单数名词。例如:The statue is made of marble of a most lovely colour. 这雕像是用一种颜色很好看的大理石雕成的。Guilin is a most beautiful city. 桂林是座非常美丽的城市。

  the most主要有三种用法:1.其中的most为形容词many或much的最高级,表示“最多的;最高程度的”的意思;2.为两个音节以上的形容词或副词最高级的构成形式,表示“最”的意思,most前的定冠词有时可以省去;3.有时用作名词。例如:He takes the most interest in the model cars. 他对模型汽车最感兴趣。He is one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。This is the most I can do. 这是我力所能及的。

  mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”的意思。例如:She is mostly out on18、most, a most, the most, mostly

  无限定词搭配的most可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time,表示“大多数的,大部分的”的意思;后者常接of引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。例如:Most students like English. 大多数学生喜欢英语。I was in Shanghai most of the time. 我大部分时间在上海。The present world situation is most favourable for the people. 当前世界形势对人民非常有利。

  a most中的most等同于very(很,非常),修饰形容词,再跟单数名词。例如:The statue is made of marble of a most lovely colour. 这雕像是用一种颜色很好看的大理石雕成的。Guilin is a most beautiful city. 桂林是座非常美丽的城市。

  the most主要有三种用法:1.其中的most为形容词many或much的最高级,表示“最多的;最高程度的”的意思;2.为两个音节以上的形容词或副词最高级的构成形式,表示“最”的意思,most前的定冠词有时可以省去;3.有时用作名词。例如:He takes the most interest in the model cars. 他对模型汽车最感兴趣。He is one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。This is the most I can do. 这是我力所能及的。

  mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”的意思。例如:She is mostly out on20、Mr. Smith's, the Mr. Smith, the Smiths

  Mr. Smith's表示“史密斯先生的家”,即Mr. Smith's house。名词所有格后表示某人的家以及商店,教堂等名词,在习惯上可以省去。如:Shall we meet at Mr. Smith's tomorrow? 要不我们明天在史密斯先生家中见面好吗?Don't worry! You can leave the children at Mrs. Jone's. 别担心!你可以将孩子们留在琼斯太太家。

  the Mr. Smith表示“那一位史密斯先生”,称呼前加定冠词用于需要区分具有同一姓氏的人的场合。如:"We have two Mr. Smiths. Which one do you want?" "I want the Mr. Smith who works in the bank.""我们这儿有两个史密斯先生。你想找哪一位?" “我想找在银行工作的那一位史密斯先生。”

  the Smiths表示“史密斯一家人”,复数姓氏加定冠词表示其夫妇俩,或夫妇俩加其子女。如:The Smiths are all early risers. 史密斯一家都起得很早。The Smiths could not pay for the advanced education that their son needed. 史密斯夫妇不能支付其子所需的高等教育的费用。1、near, nearly

  near用作副词时,有nearly(几乎,差不多)的意思,等于almost, 这时候可以通用。不过,往往在表示这一层意思时,人们习惯用nearly,而很少用near,尤其是用来修饰数词时。例如:It is nearly ten o'clock. 差不多十点钟了。Dinner is nearly ready. 晚饭就要好了。I was near (or: nearly) being killed; it was a very near thing. 我几乎丧命,真悬。There are nearly enough people here to do the job. 干这项活,这里人手差不多够了。

  near在作形容词时,主要用来表示场所、时间,有“在附近”和“逼近”的意思。例如:Don't go far away; stay somewhere near. 别走远,就在附近呆着。The Spring Festival is drawing near. 春节即将来临。

  注意:副词nearly要尽可能靠近它所修饰的那个词或词组,否则,有可能会影响全句的意思。试比较:Our production brigade nearly lost fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在发洪水时几乎损失了五十头牛。(事实上没有损失)Our production brigade lost nearly fifty cattle in the flood. 我们生产队在洪水中损失了差不多五十头牛。(事实上损失了将近五十头) 

2、necessary, necessity

  necessary作名词用时,尽管与necessity同义,均可表示“必需品”,“必要的东西”的意思,但用法有别。necessary尽管是可数名词,但通常用作复数形式necessaries; necessity可用作可数名词,既可用作单数,也可用作复数,但常见作复数。试比较:These are our necessaries of life. 这些是我们的生活必需品。The shop is selling daily necessaries. 那个商店正在出售日用品。Air is a necessity. 空气是必需品。Good maps are a necessity to travellers. 好的地图是旅行者必不可少的东西。Food, water and clothes are the basic necessities of life. 食物,水和衣服是基本的必需品。

  necessity主要用作不可数名词,表示抽象的概念,有“必要性,必然性”的意思,necessary作名词则没有这些含义。例如:There is no necessity for me to do this. 我没有做这件事的必要。He feels the necessity to have an outing. 他觉得有必要出外游玩一次。 

3、near to, next to

  near to的意思是 “接近,靠近”,指时间、空间及距离上的接近。next to的意思是“紧靠着”,指位置上的相互紧靠。例如:It's getting near to our Spring Festival. 春节快要到了。The chemical works is built too near to us. 这个化工厂造得离我们太近了。As we got near to the town it began to snow. 当我们快到镇上时,天开始下雪了。The girl came and sat next to me. 这个女孩走过来并坐在我边上。The two cinemas are next to each other. 这两个电影院靠得很近。I don't like wool next to my skin. 我不喜欢直接穿羊毛衫。

  next to另可表示“几乎”及“仅次于”,它常用于next to nothing结构,表示“几乎没有”,相当于almost nothing。例如:I knew next tonothing about the matter. 对这件事我几乎一无所知。Next to dancing, I like playing the guitar. 除了跳舞,我最喜欢弹吉它。New York is the largest city next to London. 纽约是仅次于伦敦的最大城市。 

4、no more...than, not more...than

  no more...than等于not...any more than,意为“同...一样不”,意味着两者都否定。no more后可接名词,形容词,副词或动词;than是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句。两个分句的重点往往在前一个分句,翻译时要把分句的次序颠倒,才能表达出重点来。例如:A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其蠢,如同其不能自见其耳。I am no more fond of playing the guitar than he is. 我和他都不喜欢弹吉他。

  no more than连用,等于not any more than, 其后多接数词,表示“只不过是,仅仅”的意思,相当于only。例如:There are no more than ten tickets left. 仅剩下十张票。

  not more... than等于less...than或not so...as,表示“不及,不如;不比...更”的意思,意味着两者都肯定,但着重点往往在从句,翻译时按原来顺序译出即可。例如:It goes without saying that this subject is not more important than that one. 毋庸质疑,这个问题不比那个问题更重要。

  not more than连用,其后也一般接数词,表示“不超过……,至多(=at most)"的意思。例如:I read not more than twenty pages every day. 我每天最多读二十页书。The reservoir was built by a productive brigade of not more than 200 households. 这个水库是由一个不到二百户人家的生产大队建造的。 

5、no one else, no other one

  这两个词组都表示“没有别人或别的东西”的意思,两者可以换用。其中的one均为代名词,指代人或物;else和other均为形容词,不同的是前者作后置形容词,后者作前置形容词。例如:There is no one else (or: no other one) to compare with him in this respect. 在这方面无人能比得上他。No other one(or: no one else) knows about it. 再没有别的人知道这件事。

  值得注意的是,else作形容词时,通常用来修饰疑问代词,复合不定代词(如:somebody, anything, anyone等)或者含有数量意义的代名词(如: much, little, all等)。else也可作副词,用来修饰疑问副词或者以where 结尾的复合疑问副词(如:anywhere, nowhere等)。例如:What else did she say?    她还说了什么?It must have been somewhere else. 肯定是在其他什么地方。You should put your honor above all else. 你应当把荣誉放在其他一切之上。Not much else is known. 其他都不清楚。

  other作形容词时,只用来修饰名词或者代名词one/ ones, 其位置只能位于所修饰的(代)名词之前。例如:I am studying Maxism-Leninism, mathematics and other subjects. 我正学习马克思列宁主义,数学和其他课程。注意:else和other均可用来修饰带any, some, a few等的名词。例如:I don't want any books else.(= I don't want any other books.) 我再不需要其他书了。 

6、no use, of no use

  这两个词组都用在连系动词be的后面作表语,表示“没有用”的意义,两者在意义上没有什么差别,可以通用,只是它们的语法结构不一样。no use作表语是因为use前面有形容词no的缘故。如果没有形容词no, use则不能单独作表语。不能说This book is use.只能说:This book is of use或者:This book is useful.再例如:This book is (of) no use. 这本书没有用。Complaining is (of) no use. 抱怨是没有用的。

  of no use属于“of+抽象名词”结构,这种结构相当于相应的同根形容词。它有肯定形式和否定形式,否定形式一般也是在抽象名词前加形容词no(如of no use)。例如:This reference material is of no use to us. (= This reference material isn't useful to us.) 这种参考资料对我们是没有用的。This medicine is of no use to your cold. 这种药对你的感冒没有用。

  注意:以下五句的意思相同,但用法都不一样,请注意它们的区别:

  Reading without remembering is no use.

  Reading without remembering is of no use.

  It is no use reading without remembering.

  It is of no use reading without remembering. There is no use in / of reading without remembering.读而不记是没有用的。 

7、none, no one

  none主要用作代词。作代词时,可以指人,是“没有什么人”的意思;也可以指物,是“没有什么东西”的意思。none往往受of引起的介词短语的限制,of后可接复数可数名词,作主语时,谓语动词多用复数形式;of后接不可数名词时,其谓语动词只能是单数形式。none of之后的可数名词或代词必须指三个以上的人或者事物。例如:None of the passengers were aware of the danger. 这些旅客中没有人意识到危险性。None of us are interested in the story. 我们都对这个故事不感兴趣。None of the money was ever recorded. 一点钱都没有得到。

  no one中的no是形容词,one是代词,常用于口语中,一般用来指人,其含义是“not even one(连一个人也不/没有)”因此它比none的意思要强。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。例如:No one was killed in that battle. 在那次战斗中没有人牺牲。Apart from him, I had no one to talk to. 除了他以外,我没有人可以交谈。 

8、now that, only that

  这是两个由“连词+that"组成的复合连词,其连词是中心词,that是一个虚词,常可省去。now that本是“副词+that"而构成的复合连词,但由于that可省略,于是now就被认为是连词了。now that引导的是原因状语从句,但它主要是说明一种新的情况,从句与主句的因果关系很小,含有“推论”的意味, 

因此有的语法学者把它称为“推论条件连词”。此短语一般译为“既然,由于”,相当于since。例如:Now that Jane had gone and left, or as good as left him, it would have been a comfort to see his son. 简既然走了,离开了,或者说几乎是遗弃了他,那么他就可以和儿子见面了,这是多么快慰的事。Now that the weather has improved, we'll be able to enjoy the game. 由于现在天气已经好转,我们将能观赏这场比赛了。

  only that主要引导条件状语从句,与except that的意义相同,表示“要不是,除...之外”的意思,从句通常位于主句之后;它有时还可引导目的状语从句,作“只是为了”解。例如:He would probably do well in the examination, only that he gets rather nervous. 要不是他有一点紧张,他可能考得很好。I have nothing against him, only that I dislike his manner. 我除了不喜欢他的态度外,并没有反对他。He often praises others only that he may be praised. 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。 

9、no tailor, not a tailor

  no tailor和not a tailor在句子中充当主语、宾语时,两者均表示“没有一个裁缝”,可以替换用。如下列两句都表示“没有一个裁缝想要接受这份工作”:No tailor wants to take this job.Not a tailor wants to take this job.

  当no tailor和not a tailor在句子中用在be动词后,充当表语时,两者意义完全不同。前者表示“不懂裁缝,决不是裁缝”,指某人不具备当裁缝的条件,是外行,无资格做裁缝;后者“不是个裁缝”,指某人的职业或身份不是裁缝。试比较:Don't ask me to shorten the trousers for you. I'm no tailor. 别叫我为你改短裤子,我不懂裁缝。You're mistaken! He is not a tailor. He has a job as a barber. 你弄错了!他不是个裁缝,他是个理发师。

  no加上一个表示职业的名词的例子还有:She is no cook. She will probably get all the food from a restaurant. 她不会做饭,她可能会从餐馆里买来所有的饭菜。This is no joke. I am no judge. 这决不是开玩笑的事,我根本没有审理的资格。 

10、noise, sound, voice

  noise表示“噪音,喧闹声”,一般指嘈杂,吵闹等令人不快的声音。例如:The noise of the street kept me awake. 街上的吵闹声让我睡不着。The noise of the rain nearly drowned our conversation. 雨声大得几乎超过了我们的谈话声。

  sound表示“声音”,含义很广泛,指任何可以听到的声音,包括悦耳及令人不快的声音。例如:All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry. 突然,有了枪响声和哭声。Did you hear the strange sound from the next room this morning? 今天早上你是否听到隔壁房间发出的怪声音?

  voice表示“嗓音”,一般指人说话,唱歌或笑的声音。例如:The little girl has a beautiful voice. 这个小女孩有一副好嗓子。Thesinger has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 这位歌手由于重感冒而失去了银铃般的嗓音。 

11、not to say, not to speak of  这两个短语形似而意义不同。not to say作“虽不能说,即使不能说”解,表示一种让步的口气。not to speak of作“更不用说,更不待言”解,相当于to say nothing of, 用来表示追补意义。例如:It is rather cool, not to say cold. 天气虽不能说冷,但也算是相当凉了。He sounded impolite, not to say rude. 他那样说话,即使不算粗鲁,也是不礼貌的。She knows German and French, not to speak of English. 她懂德文和法文,更不用说英文了。He cannot find money for bread, not to speak of fish and meat. 他连面包也无钱买,更不用说鱼和肉了。

  评论这张
 
阅读(995)| 评论(0)

历史上的今天

评论

<#--最新日志,群博日志--> <#--推荐日志--> <#--引用记录--> <#--博主推荐--> <#--随机阅读--> <#--首页推荐--> <#--历史上的今天--> <#--被推荐日志--> <#--上一篇,下一篇--> <#-- 热度 --> <#-- 网易新闻广告 --> <#--右边模块结构--> <#--评论模块结构--> <#--引用模块结构--> <#--博主发起的投票-->
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

页脚

网易公司版权所有 ©1997-2018